Column and Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Example for Free

Column and Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Abstract Spinach extract was separated into fractions containing compounds of similar polarity by column chromatography. Based on solid-liquid phase partitioning, this separation technique exploited the different polarity of the compounds in the spinach extract. Three fractions with different colors were obtained. The extract and its fractions were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC results showed that there was one compound (Rf=0. 979) in the first fraction; there were three compounds (Rf1=0.839, Rf2= 0.691, Rf3=0.149) in the second fraction; there was one compound (Rf=0.017) in the third fraction. The separations of compounds which went to the first and third fraction were relatively satisfying, while the second fraction had several kinds of compounds. Introduction Chromatography is the separation of compounds or ions by distribution between two phases—a mobile phase and a stationary phase. The technique is based on the differential absorptivities of the constituents between these two phases, due to different properties of the compounds to be separated and the nature of the two phases involved. If one constituent adheres more to the stationary phase than the mobile one, separation will be achieved. There are several different types of chromatography, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and column chromatography. All the chromatographic methods are based on partitioning of molecules between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. In order to measure the amount of partitioning between the two phases, each compound has an unique Partition Coefficient (Kp), which is defined as the ratio of concentrations of the compound between the stationary phase and the mobile phase: Kp=[x]sp/[x]mp. Therefore, if Kp is greater than 1, the substance adheres more to the stationary phase; if Kp is smaller than 1, the substance adheres more to the mobile phase; if the Kp is equal to 1, the probabilities of the substance to adhere to the two phases are roughly the same. The Kp value is depended on a multitude of factors: â€Å"polarity, solubility in the solvent, hydrogen bonding, volatility in the case of gas chromatography.† After the injection, the sample molecules will either stay in the mobile phase or adhere to the stationary phase. When the mobile phase is pushed through the stationary phase by the eluent, the mobile phase, the molecules will move through the column at a rate that depends on their different Kp value. For example, if one constituent is more polar than other and adheres more to the stationary phase when the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase, this constituent will lag behind; while the constituent that is less polar and adheres less to the stationary phase will move ahead. In this way, the sample can be separated into fractions containing compounds of similar polarity. The differences among the various types of chromatography are mostly depended on the nature of the two phases involved. Column and thin layer chromatography use solid stationary phase and liquid mobile phase; while GC uses a gas as mobile phase and a liquid as stationary phase. Compared with TLC and column chromatography, GC is a more sophisticated method. Discussion The intent of this experiment was to successfully separate the constituents of spinach extract using column chromatography. The results of the separation were analyzed by TLC to reveal in which fraction the compounds of the mixture were. Since both of the samples of the first fraction and the third had only one developed spot on the TLC plate, the separation of the compounds in the first and third fractions were relatively satisfying. However, there were 3 different compounds reveled for the second fraction. Since the color of the first fraction was yellow and the color of the second and third fractions were green, the major compound in the first fraction should be Carotenes, the yellow-orange pigment; while the major compounds in the second fraction and the third fraction should be Chlorophyll. During the process of column chromatography, the first band gained in the column was very clear and the color was yellow. The second band gained in the column was green and the thickness of t he second band was greater than the first. Also, the green color of the second band varied, and colorless area was observed in the second band. Compared with the first band, the second band showed an unsatisfying separation result. Since there was colorless area and various green colors in the second band, the second fraction must contained several constituents, which was examined by the TLC results—there were 3 developed spots of the second fraction sample on the TLC plate. As for the third fraction, there was no clear band in the column while adding the last eluent. The concentration of the compound in third fraction was relatively small, resulting in a very small Rf value, 0.017. Compared with the spots of the second fraction sample, which had a much clearer spot with similar Rf value, 0.839, the compound in the third fraction must existed in a large amount in the second fraction. In addition, these 2 spots had the same light green color, which can also examine this conclusion. The lower concentration can also due to the unsatisfying spotting. The diameter of the undeveloped spot in the third fraction was larger than the first and second one, because too much solvent was used. Also, multiple times of spotting was needed. Observing the spots color, the clearest spot in the second fraction had a more intense green color, which showed that the compound in this fraction should be Chlorophyll a. While the major compound in the third fraction should be Chlorophyll a, with a lighter color and lower Rf value. The ideal solvent system should result in Rf values ranging from 0.24 to 0.54. However, in this experiment, none of the Rf value was in this range. Therefore, the polarity gradient of the eluents should be narrowed, which can result in more spots in the ideal range. Since there were 3 spots in the second fraction sample, over 4 eluents are needed to give a better separation, assuming the spot with lowest Rf value in the second fraction had the same compound as the spot in the third fraction sample.

Down To Who? :: essays research papers

Down To Who?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Does the magic of young love ever stand a chance? Down to You tells the story of two college students who fall madly in love with one another after meeting in a crowded, college bar. Throughout their relationship, there are the usual ups and downs of first love. Trust, loyalty, and friendship are all big factors between Al (Freddie Prinze, Jr.) and Imogen (Julia Stiles). Their relationship matures over the years and their love is tested by time and temptation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Al plays an unbelievably sympathetic role. He’s portrays the â€Å"perfect† boyfriend. He’s very cute, sensitive, caring and he’ll do just about anything for Imogen. Al is an aspiring chef. He has a good family background. Both of his parents are very loving and extremely supportive of his goal for being a chef. They also love Imogen. Imogen is very sympathetic in the beginning of the movie. She and Al hit it off from the moment they laid eyes on each other in that bar. She is a cheery, enthusiastic freshman that is out to have a good time. She is very into art and painting. Al is particularly impressed with Imogen’s artistic talent. She gets scared of their commitment after a summer vacation in France and their relationship gets a little rocky after that. The two have quite an array of interesting friends that give the plot more depth. Monk (Zak Orth) is a good friend of Al’s. He is a porn star that has lost all faith in love. He gives the movie somewhat of a comical twist. After he becomes famous with his adult entertainment career, he develops a Shakespearian way of talking. It sounds very archaic and much more educated. Since he doesn’t really believe in love, he tries to convince Al that love is simply illusion. Al’s other friend Hicks (Shawn Hatosy) is much less complex. He is an average college guy that is pretty much out to get girls. He says and does a lot of comical things throughout the movie. One of my favorite parts is when he is working out, and he has a new hairstyle called a â€Å"mullet†. That’s when hair is short on the top and sides, but long in the back. Al and Imogen’s love is constantly tested in the movie. Cyrus (Selma Blair) is one of Monk’s co-stars in his adult movies. She tried to seduce Al numerous times throughout the movie, but he was strong and persistent about telling Cyrus that he was in love with Imogen.

Lil Richard’s Music Career and Influence Essay

Richard Wayne Penniman born in December 5, 1932 in Macon, Georgia began singing in his local church choir while he was young. Richard’s family had a family gospel group and thus he grew up in a gospel setting. At his young age, he was fascinated by shows that came to his town, and at the age of fourteen he left home and went with one show of medicine. He loved stage performance. At the age of fifteen years he was performing with minstrel show and there he got the name ‘little Richard’. Richard began performing at low-rent rhythm and blues revues, where he learned to mix gospel fervor with blues lyrics. (Tipton 1). Lil Richard learned to use the piano in 1951 by befriending Esquentia who taught him the pounding piano style for which he later became famous. He then went to Atlanta and met a singer by the name Bill Wright, whose hairstyle, stage makeup and performance attracted Lil very much. Later he won a talent contest award and thereafter with the help of Bill Wright signed a contract with RCA records in 1951 and released four singles. At the age of eighteen years he had the first recording session and his records sold well in Macon and Atlanta. His father’s murder made him deviate from music and started washing dishes, a job that supported his family; later he bounced back to music dominating Macon rhythm-and- blues with a new band. In mid 1950’s he laid down a foundation for rock and roll kind of music, and set rules governing that kind of music, thus he began with songs like â€Å"Tutti Frutti† and â€Å"Good Golly, Miss Molly† and by 1968 he had managed to sell well over 32 million records internationally. In 1958, however, at the height of his career, Lil Richard renounced his rock and roll lifestyle in favor of fundamentalist religion. Since that time, he has continued to vacillate between show business and the church, while never losing sight of his profound influences on countless rock and roll performers. Despite his inner conflict, Little Richard has justifiably earned his status as a true musical legend. (Tipton 1) After leaving the music industry for some time Lil Richard returned in 1985 and in 1986 he was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of fame and he began series of performances and appearances. Richard was influenced by the surrounding where he was born, that is, Macon, Georgia; the heart of America’s gospel belt and he was attracted to singing in the church where his family too participated. He was greatly influenced by Sister Rosetta, the ‘Original Soul Sister’ of recorded music. She was Richard’s favorite singer whom he admired, and she provided Richard with his first ‘paid gig’ in 1945 when she invited him to sing on stage. The rock and roll piano style of Fats Domino that grew out of the distinctive sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues also influenced Lil Richard. Richard’s had an impact on music since his influence on both Rhythm & Blues and Rock ‘n’ Roll was significant. He is considered to be the man behind transitions from Rhythm & Blues to Rock ‘n’ Roll. Little Richard is an artist who has largely influenced the music of 20th century. He inspired a large number of artists to the music stage who consider him their idol. Cark Dick points that with Richard’s excellence he became a role model for every rock and roll performer. Redding Otis hints that he entered music business because of Richard (Friedlander 17). Following his rapid success, of stunning, spine-tingling R&B hits, like â€Å"Rip it up†, defined the new sound of rock and roll with changed piano-playing, and funky rocking arrangements. Further he influenced to develop the genre of music by injection of funk element to his music at his time through saxophone, which was studded in 1950’s road band. With a heavily accentuated back- beat, funky saxophone grooves and shouted vocals and emotive characteristics in his performances and songs marked a new kind of music. Richard provided outrageous extroversion, screaming out the often rather meaningless words of his songs, for example ‘Awopbopaloobopalambamboom’, but he made a kind of wild poetic frenzy out of these nonsense lyrics and that anti-linguistic drift has been found in rock music, and indicates the sensuousness or rock and pop. (Horrocks 132) Lil, a Black American influenced the music of the whites. British musicians in Liverpool, the Beatles were heavily influenced by Black music. The Beatles were not only paraphrasing Lil’s work but blending with them other musics and other cultural influences. (Horrocks 137). Lil’s rock music that began in the United States had an impact to the music industry since it was shaped and gave birth to popular music that ignited music professionals to venture into popular music by imitating Lil’s rock and roll. Nevertheless, Little Richard’s seminal influence in the arena of rock music cannot be diminished. He remains a legendary and iconic figure in popular music. Works Cited Horrocks R. Male myths and icons: masculinity in popular culture. Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, 130-138. Friedlander P. Rock and roll: a social history. Westview Press, 1996, 14-23. Tipton Nathan. , G. Little Richard (Richard Penniman). Chicago: West Adams, 2002,1-6.

The Importance Of Groupthink In Education - 1767 Words

The great ancient thinker Socrates once said, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Socrates emphasized the importance of meaningful questioning and inspiration. What good is living a life not searching for answers and inspiration? Unfortunately, if Socrates had made this statement in today’s world, he would have been sent to a therapist to check his mental state. Our world has become so advanced so quickly over the last century that today’s youngest generation no longer questions. This lifestyle of contentedness and stagnation has brought about one of the most dangerous media buzzwords of all time: groupthink. Loosely defined, groupthink occurs when individuals value beliefs held by a group they belong to over individual belief. The†¦show more content†¦But, since the terms and definitions will be in the matching section of the test, students spend hours flipping color-coded flash cards and deem their time studying. Instead of mindless notes w ith terms and definitions, classes and lectures should be spent having students think about the material they are presented. Whether that form of thinking comes about in debates, discussions, papers, or whatever else, students must be forced to critically think about the presented material or they will turn to mindless robots who contribute nothing to society. Unfortunately, critical thought and individual inspiration rarely happen in today’s education system. Students fill out fill in the blank notes sheets off of a Powerpoint presentation project every unit, and that presentation tells them everything they need to know, often including opinions from a teacher. Sometimes expressing an opinion in these uniform, powerpoint notes is not bad as long as it is quite generic. For instance, it is probably okay to tell a group of students that slavery is bad. That’s a good opinion for a teacher to tell students as it is not controversial and few people do not subscribe to it. The problem happens when the teacher tells students that they believe the Civil War had little to do with slavery and was more a fight for states rights. This is quite an opinion, and in fact, many historians would agree. The problem is that this stance taking opinion is so easy forShow MoreRelatedGroupthink : Negative Effects And Effective Strategies1879 Words   |  8 Pages Groupthink: Negative Effects and Effective Strategies Nicholas J Dawson University of Southern Queensland In an effort to avoid conflict in the pursuit of consensus a working group may fail to carefully analyse a situation and approach it with reasoned decision making. This is known as Groupthink and the negative effects involved with it can be disastrous. This essay will argue that the negative effects of Groupthink must be acknowledged and understood if they are to be circumventedRead MoreManagement of a Health Care Team Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagessomething or the fear of a consequence? Another colleague feels that the team could function effectively even if some members lack motivation but the truth is motivation is critical to getting the job done. First lets clear up any confusion on the importance of motivation. Success in any organization depends on reaching your goals and objectives and when team member’s personal goals or values are in alignment with the organizations mission and vision they have a higher level of motivation. The outcomeRead MoreTopic Topics On So cial Psychology1425 Words   |  6 Pagesaffect each other’s behaviors, beliefs and attitudes is defined as social psychology; it’s study can help elucidate how and why we act, think, communicate and behave the way we do. Topics included under the umbrella of social psychology include: the importance of human relationships and interactions; the impact of social influences, such as group pressures and obedience; developmental and situational considerations of prosocial and antisocial behaviors; and the relationship between our attitudes and beliefsRead MoreReview : Outer Experience 1227 Words   |  5 Pagesinsulated from the real world (41). Bureaucratic hierarchy is often ineffective and survival-oriented that requires public officials to be greater leaders who exercise initiative often – either in producing changes or simply trying to emphasize the importance of citizens and their needs. The problem with power comes not from its normal use, but either from its abuse or exercising too little power. Bennis and Nanus noted that one of the major problems facing organizations today is that many people exerciseRead MoreModerating Role Of Innovative Self Efficacy1455 Words   |  6 Pagesobvious improvements in team innovative behavior (Jayne Dipboye, 2004). In the study, we underscore the moderating role of three factors which are picked out from the existing research literature. Firstly, unconscious bias, stereotype (Nelson, 2014)ï ¼Å'groupthink (Janis, 1972) and collectivism (Chen et al., 2005) arise in teams can inhibit their ability to innovate. Then, conflict resulting from being diverse can be transformed into productive conflict through cooperative conflict management and result inRead MoreThe United States Of America1697 Words   |  7 Pagesis the education system. The halting and event the reversal of the progress of education will be detrimental to the future of the United States if the problems are not solved soon and conti nue to persist. To solve the problems that plague the education system, one must identify the factors that influence them. The political and economic influences of politicians as well as the upper class are certainly a major contributor to the issues of education. With politics, the close ties to education allowRead MoreEssay on Teaching Native American Youth1214 Words   |  5 Pagesin teaching AI/NA youth because without information literacy educators will not have the knowledge to teach, motivate, and understand AI/AN youth’s cultural differences. Information Literacy Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education (2000) stated, â€Å"Information literacy is a student’s ability to know when information is needed and to be capable of locating the information, evaluating validity, trustworthiness, and using the information correctly† (As cited by Turusheva, 2009Read MoreTeamwork Essay935 Words   |  4 Pageseffective manner. More so, teams are the best way to establish organisational strategy. Teamwork was defined by (Kozlowski and Bell, 2003) as the composition of two or more individuals who share tasks and work towards a common goal. They emphasise the importance of collaboration and cooperation. Teamwork has three important dimensions. Firstly, technical dimension relates to the division of labour and who does what task and when etc. Governance refers to authority and relationships between members. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1886 Words   |  8 Pagesto his time in Burma, and thi s is due to his lack of independent thought and identity. Although both â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† convey the importance of independent thought and identity, the ways by which they do so are vastly different. Thoreau believed that United States citizens should avoid moralistic groupthink, a very Orwellian idea. Thoreau asserted, â€Å"But a government in which the majority rule in all cases cannot be based on justice†¦Can there not be a government in whichRead MoreCase Study: Social Structure1157 Words   |  5 Pageslimited to a few threaded discussions with other students, and the feedback of the professors, it is a social group nonetheless. The others students at Trident and I share the common goal of successfully navigating the stormy waters of undergraduate education, guided by our professors. I do not necessarily think about the welfare of my fellow students on a daily basis, or feel any overwhelming obligation to involve myself in their personal lives. We share a common goal, an d when we achieve that goal